feat: 创建物控学习笔记仓库 v1.0.0
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物控学习笔记/Excel_VBA_基础.md
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物控学习笔记/Excel_VBA_基础.md
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# Excel VBA 物控基础教程 📊
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> 从零开始学习 Excel VBA 在物控中的应用
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---
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## 目录
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1. [VBA 基础语法](#vba-基础语法)
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2. [常用对象](#常用对象)
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3. [物控常用函数](#物控常用函数)
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4. [实战案例](#实战案例)
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5. [调试技巧](#调试技巧)
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---
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## VBA 基础语法
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### 1. 变量声明
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```vba
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' 基本变量类型
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Dim item_code As String ' 物料编码
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Dim quantity As Double ' 数量
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Dim unit_price As Currency ' 单价
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Dim order_date As Date ' 订单日期
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Dim is_critical As Boolean ' 是否关键物料
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' 数组
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Dim part_list(1 To 100) As String
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Dim inventory_data(1 To 1000, 1 To 5) As Variant
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' 集合和字典
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Dim dict As Object
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Set dict = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")
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```
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### 2. 条件语句
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```vba
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' If-Then-Else
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If quantity < safety_stock Then
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MsgBox "库存不足！"
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status = "需补货"
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ElseIf quantity > max_stock Then
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status = "库存过高"
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Else
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status = "正常"
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End If
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' Select Case（适合多条件判断）
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Select Case abc_class
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Case "A"
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priority = "高"
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review_freq = "每周"
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Case "B"
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priority = "中"
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review_freq = "每月"
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Case "C"
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priority = "低"
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review_freq = "每季度"
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End Select
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```
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### 3. 循环结构
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```vba
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' For 循环（已知次数）
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For i = 2 To last_row
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part_no = Cells(i, "A").Value
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qty = Cells(i, "B").Value
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' 处理数据
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If qty > 0 Then
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Cells(i, "C").Value = qty * 1.1 ' 建议采购量
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End If
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Next i
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' For Each 循环（遍历集合）
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Dim ws As Worksheet
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For Each ws In ThisWorkbook.Worksheets
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Debug.Print ws.Name
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Next ws
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' Do While 循环（条件满足时继续）
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Do While Cells(row, "A").Value <> ""
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' 处理数据
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row = row + 1
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Loop
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```
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### 4. 函数定义
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```vba
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' 自定义函数（Function）
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Function Calculate_Safety_Stock(avg_demand As Double, lead_time As Double) As Double
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Dim safety_factor As Double
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safety_factor = 1.5 ' 安全系数
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Calculate_Safety_Stock = avg_demand * lead_time * safety_factor
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End Function
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' 子程序（Sub）
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Sub Generate_Purchase_Order()
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' 执行采购订单生成逻辑
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MsgBox "采购订单生成完成！"
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End Sub
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```
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---
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## 常用对象
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### 1. Worksheet 对象
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```vba
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' 引用工作表
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Dim ws As Worksheet
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Set ws = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存")
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Set ws = ThisWorkbook.Sheets(1) ' 按索引
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' 激活工作表
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ws.Activate
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' 工作表属性
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Debug.Print ws.Name ' 工作表名称
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Debug.Print ws.Cells.Count ' 单元格数量
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Debug.Print ws.UsedRange.Rows.Count ' 已使用行数
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' 清空工作表
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ws.Cells.Clear ' 清除所有内容和格式
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ws.Cells.ClearContents ' 仅清除内容
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```
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### 2. Range 对象
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```vba
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' 单元格引用
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Cells(1, 1).Value = "物料编码" ' 行列索引
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Range("A1").Value = "物料编码" ' A1 表示法
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Range("A1:C10").Value = "数据" ' 区域
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' 动态范围
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last_row = Cells(Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row
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last_col = Cells(1, Columns.Count).End(xlToLeft).Column
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' 批量操作
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Range("A2:A" & last_row).Value = "默认值"
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' 格式设置
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With Range("A1:H1")
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.Font.Bold = True
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.Interior.Color = RGB(200, 200, 200)
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.HorizontalAlignment = xlCenter
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End With
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```
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### 3. Workbook 对象
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```vba
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' 当前工作簿
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Set wb = ThisWorkbook
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' 新建工作簿
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Set new_wb = Workbooks.Add
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' 打开工作簿
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Set wb = Workbooks.Open("C:\路径\文件.xlsx")
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' 保存
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wb.Save
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wb.SaveAs "C:\路径\新文件.xlsx"
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' 关闭
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wb.Close SaveChanges:=True
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```
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### 4. 文件对话框
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```vba
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' 选择文件
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Dim file_path As String
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With Application.FileDialog(msoFileDialogFilePicker)
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.Title = "选择库存数据文件"
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.Filters.Clear
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.Filters.Add "Excel 文件", "*.xlsx;*.xls"
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If .Show = -1 Then
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file_path = .SelectedItems(1)
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End If
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End With
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```
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---
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## 物控常用函数
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### 1. 库存计算函数
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```vba
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' 计算安全库存
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Function Safety_Stock(avg_demand As Double, lead_time As Double, _
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Optional service_level As Double = 0.95) As Double
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Dim z_score As Double
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Select Case service_level
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Case 0.90: z_score = 1.28
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Case 0.95: z_score = 1.65
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Case 0.98: z_score = 2.05
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Case 0.99: z_score = 2.33
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Case Else: z_score = 1.65
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End Select
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Safety_Stock = avg_demand * lead_time * z_score
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End Function
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' 计算订货点
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Function Reorder_Point(avg_demand As Double, lead_time As Double, _
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safety_stock As Double) As Double
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Reorder_Point = avg_demand * lead_time + safety_stock
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End Function
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' 计算经济订货量（EOQ）
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Function EOQ(annual_demand As Double, order_cost As Double, _
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holding_cost As Double) As Double
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EOQ = Sqr(2 * annual_demand * order_cost / holding_cost)
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End Function
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' 计算库存周转率
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Function Inventory_Turnover(sales_cost As Double, avg_inventory As Double) As Double
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If avg_inventory = 0 Then
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Inventory_Turnover = 0
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Else
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Inventory_Turnover = sales_cost / avg_inventory
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End If
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End Function
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' 计算库存天数
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Function Inventory_Days(turnover As Double) As Double
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If turnover = 0 Then
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Inventory_Days = 0
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Else
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Inventory_Days = 365 / turnover
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End If
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End Function
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```
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### 2. 数据查找函数
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```vba
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' 查找物料信息
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Function Get_Part_Info(part_no As String, info_type As String) As Variant
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Dim ws As Worksheet
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Set ws = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("物料主数据")
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Dim last_row As Long
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last_row = ws.Cells(ws.Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row
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Dim i As Long
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For i = 2 To last_row
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If ws.Cells(i, "A").Value = part_no Then
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Select Case info_type
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Case "名称": Get_Part_Info = ws.Cells(i, "B").Value
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Case "规格": Get_Part_Info = ws.Cells(i, "C").Value
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Case "单位": Get_Part_Info = ws.Cells(i, "D").Value
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Case "单价": Get_Part_Info = ws.Cells(i, "E").Value
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Case "供应商": Get_Part_Info = ws.Cells(i, "F").Value
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Case Else: Get_Part_Info = ""
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End Select
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Exit Function
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End If
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Next i
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Get_Part_Info = "未找到"
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End Function
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' 查找库存数量
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Function Get_Stock_Qty(part_no As String) As Double
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On Error Resume Next
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Get_Stock_Qty = Application.WorksheetFunction.VLookup( _
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part_no, ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存").Range("A:D"), 4, False)
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If Err.Number <> 0 Then
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Get_Stock_Qty = 0
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Err.Clear
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End If
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On Error GoTo 0
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End Function
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```
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### 3. 数据验证函数
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```vba
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' 检查物料编码格式
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Function Validate_Part_No(part_no As String) As Boolean
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' 假设物料编码格式：3位字母 + 6位数字（如：ABC123456）
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If Len(part_no) = 9 Then
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If Left(part_no, 3) Like "[A-Z][A-Z][A-Z]" And _
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Right(part_no, 6) Like "######" Then
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Validate_Part_No = True
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Exit Function
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End If
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End If
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Validate_Part_No = False
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End Function
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' 检查库存合理性
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Function Validate_Stock_Qty(qty As Double, min_qty As Double, max_qty As Double) As Boolean
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If qty >= min_qty And qty <= max_qty Then
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Validate_Stock_Qty = True
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Else
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Validate_Stock_Qty = False
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End If
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End Function
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```
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---
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## 实战案例
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### 案例 1：库存报表自动生成
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```vba
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Sub Generate_Inventory_Report()
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Dim ws_stock As Worksheet, ws_report As Worksheet
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Dim last_row As Long, i As Long
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Dim report_row As Long
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' 设置工作表
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Set ws_stock = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存")
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' 删除旧报表
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On Error Resume Next
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Application.DisplayAlerts = False
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ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存报表").Delete
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Application.DisplayAlerts = True
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On Error GoTo 0
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' 创建新报表
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Set ws_report = ThisWorkbook.Sheets.Add
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ws_report.Name = "库存报表_" & Format(Date, "yyyy-mm-dd")
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' 设置表头
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ws_report.Range("A1:J1").Value = Array( _
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"序号", "物料编码", "物料名称", "规格", "单位", _
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"当前库存", "安全库存", "最高库存", "状态", "建议操作")
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ws_report.Range("A1:J1").Font.Bold = True
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' 获取数据
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last_row = ws_stock.Cells(ws_stock.Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row
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report_row = 2
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For i = 2 To last_row
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Dim part_no As String
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Dim part_name As String
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Dim spec As String
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Dim unit As String
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Dim current_qty As Double
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Dim safety_qty As Double
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Dim max_qty As Double
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part_no = ws_stock.Cells(i, "A").Value
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part_name = ws_stock.Cells(i, "B").Value
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spec = ws_stock.Cells(i, "C").Value
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unit = ws_stock.Cells(i, "G").Value
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current_qty = ws_stock.Cells(i, "D").Value
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safety_qty = ws_stock.Cells(i, "E").Value
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max_qty = ws_stock.Cells(i, "F").Value
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' 写入报表
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 1).Value = report_row - 1
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 2).Value = part_no
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 3).Value = part_name
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 4).Value = spec
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 5).Value = unit
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 6).Value = current_qty
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 7).Value = safety_qty
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 8).Value = max_qty
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' 判断状态
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If current_qty < safety_qty Then
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 9).Value = "⚠️ 库存不足"
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 9).Interior.Color = RGB(255, 200, 200)
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 10).Value = "立即补货"
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ElseIf current_qty > max_qty Then
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 9).Value = "📦 库存过高"
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 9).Interior.Color = RGB(255, 255, 200)
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 10).Value = "暂停采购"
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Else
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 9).Value = "✅ 正常"
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 9).Interior.Color = RGB(200, 255, 200)
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 10).Value = "维持现状"
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End If
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report_row = report_row + 1
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Next i
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' 格式化
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ws_report.Columns("A:J").AutoFit
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' 添加统计
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ws_report.Range("L1").Value = "统计"
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ws_report.Range("L2").Value = "总物料数："
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ws_report.Range("M2").Value = report_row - 2
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ws_report.Range("L3").Value = "缺料数："
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ws_report.Range("M3").Value = Application.WorksheetFunction.CountIf(ws_report.Range("I:I"), "*不足*")
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ws_report.Range("L4").Value = "库存过高数："
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ws_report.Range("M4").Value = Application.WorksheetFunction.CountIf(ws_report.Range("I:I"), "*过高*")
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MsgBox "库存报表生成完成！" & vbCrLf & _
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"报表名称：" & ws_report.Name
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End Sub
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```
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### 案例 2：MRP 计算
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```vba
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Sub Calculate_MRP()
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Dim ws_bom As Worksheet, ws_inventory As Worksheet, ws_mrp As Worksheet
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Dim last_row As Long, i As Long, mrp_row As Long
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' 设置工作表
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Set ws_bom = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("BOM")
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Set ws_inventory = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存")
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' 删除旧 MRP 表
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On Error Resume Next
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Application.DisplayAlerts = False
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ThisWorkbook.Sheets("MRP").Delete
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Application.DisplayAlerts = True
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On Error GoTo 0
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' 创建 MRP 表
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Set ws_mrp = ThisWorkbook.Sheets.Add
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ws_mrp.Name = "MRP"
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' 设置表头
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ws_mrp.Range("A1:H1").Value = Array( _
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"物料编码", "物料名称", "需求量", "库存量", _
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"净需求", "建议采购", "供应商", "到货日期")
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ws_mrp.Range("A1:H1").Font.Bold = True
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' 获取 BOM 数据
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last_row = ws_bom.Cells(ws_bom.Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row
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mrp_row = 2
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For i = 2 To last_row
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Dim part_no As String
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Dim part_name As String
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Dim qty_needed As Double
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||||
Dim qty_in_stock As Double
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||||
Dim net_qty As Double
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||||
Dim lead_time As Double
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||||
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part_no = ws_bom.Cells(i, "A").Value
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part_name = ws_bom.Cells(i, "B").Value
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||||
qty_needed = ws_bom.Cells(i, "C").Value
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' 查找库存
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||||
On Error Resume Next
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||||
qty_in_stock = Application.WorksheetFunction.VLookup( _
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part_no, ws_inventory.Range("A:D"), 4, False)
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||||
If Err.Number <> 0 Then
|
||||
qty_in_stock = 0
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||||
Err.Clear
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||||
End If
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||||
On Error GoTo 0
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||||
|
||||
' 计算净需求
|
||||
net_qty = qty_needed - qty_in_stock
|
||||
|
||||
' 如果需要采购
|
||||
If net_qty > 0 Then
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(mrp_row, 1).Value = part_no
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(mrp_row, 2).Value = part_name
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(mrp_row, 3).Value = qty_needed
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(mrp_row, 4).Value = qty_in_stock
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(mrp_row, 5).Value = net_qty
|
||||
|
||||
' 建议采购量（考虑 MOQ 和安全系数）
|
||||
Dim suggested_qty As Double
|
||||
suggested_qty = net_qty * 1.1 ' 10% 安全系数
|
||||
|
||||
' 查找最小订货量
|
||||
Dim moq As Double
|
||||
On Error Resume Next
|
||||
moq = Application.WorksheetFunction.VLookup( _
|
||||
part_no, ws_inventory.Range("A:H"), 8, False)
|
||||
If Err.Number <> 0 Then
|
||||
moq = 1
|
||||
Err.Clear
|
||||
End If
|
||||
On Error GoTo 0
|
||||
|
||||
If suggested_qty < moq Then
|
||||
suggested_qty = moq
|
||||
End If
|
||||
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(mrp_row, 6).Value = suggested_qty
|
||||
|
||||
' 查找供应商和提前期
|
||||
On Error Resume Next
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(mrp_row, 7).Value = Application.WorksheetFunction.VLookup( _
|
||||
part_no, ws_inventory.Range("A:H"), 7, False)
|
||||
lead_time = Application.WorksheetFunction.VLookup( _
|
||||
part_no, ws_inventory.Range("A:H"), 6, False)
|
||||
If Err.Number <> 0 Then
|
||||
lead_time = 7 ' 默认 7 天
|
||||
Err.Clear
|
||||
End If
|
||||
On Error GoTo 0
|
||||
|
||||
' 计算到货日期
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(mrp_row, 8).Value = Date + lead_time
|
||||
|
||||
mrp_row = mrp_row + 1
|
||||
End If
|
||||
Next i
|
||||
|
||||
' 格式化
|
||||
ws_mrp.Columns("A:H").AutoFit
|
||||
|
||||
' 添加汇总
|
||||
ws_mrp.Range("J1").Value = "MRP 汇总"
|
||||
ws_mrp.Range("J2").Value = "需采购物料数："
|
||||
ws_mrp.Range("K2").Value = mrp_row - 2
|
||||
ws_mrp.Range("J3").Value = "总采购金额："
|
||||
ws_mrp.Range("K3").Formula = "=SUM(F2:F" & mrp_row - 1 & ")*VLOOKUP(A2,库存!A:E,5,FALSE)"
|
||||
|
||||
MsgBox "MRP 计算完成！" & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"需采购物料数：" & mrp_row - 2
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例 3：呆滞料分析
|
||||
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
Sub Analyze_Stagnant_Inventory()
|
||||
Dim ws As Worksheet
|
||||
Dim last_row As Long, i As Long
|
||||
Dim stagnant_count As Long
|
||||
Dim stagnant_value As Double
|
||||
|
||||
Set ws = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存")
|
||||
last_row = ws.Cells(ws.Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row
|
||||
|
||||
' 添加分析列
|
||||
ws.Cells(1, "I").Value = "呆滞状态"
|
||||
ws.Cells(1, "J").Value = "呆滞天数"
|
||||
ws.Cells(1, "K").Value = "呆滞金额"
|
||||
|
||||
' 清空旧数据
|
||||
ws.Range("I2:K" & last_row).ClearContents
|
||||
|
||||
' 分析每行
|
||||
For i = 2 To last_row
|
||||
Dim last_move_date As Date
|
||||
Dim days_stagnant As Long
|
||||
Dim stock_qty As Double
|
||||
Dim unit_price As Double
|
||||
|
||||
' 获取最后移动日期（假设在 H 列）
|
||||
On Error Resume Next
|
||||
last_move_date = ws.Cells(i, "H").Value
|
||||
If Err.Number <> 0 Or last_move_date = 0 Then
|
||||
last_move_date = Date - 365 ' 默认一年前
|
||||
Err.Clear
|
||||
End If
|
||||
On Error GoTo 0
|
||||
|
||||
' 计算呆滞天数
|
||||
days_stagnant = Date - last_move_date
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "J").Value = days_stagnant
|
||||
|
||||
' 计算呆滞金额
|
||||
stock_qty = ws.Cells(i, "D").Value
|
||||
unit_price = ws.Cells(i, "E").Value
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "K").Value = stock_qty * unit_price
|
||||
|
||||
' 判断呆滞状态
|
||||
Select Case days_stagnant
|
||||
Case Is > 365
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Value = "🔴 严重呆滞（>1年）"
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Interior.Color = RGB(255, 150, 150)
|
||||
stagnant_count = stagnant_count + 1
|
||||
stagnant_value = stagnant_value + stock_qty * unit_price
|
||||
Case Is > 180
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Value = "🟡 中度呆滞（6-12月）"
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Interior.Color = RGB(255, 220, 150)
|
||||
Case Is > 90
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Value = "⚠️ 轻度呆滞（3-6月）"
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Interior.Color = RGB(255, 255, 150)
|
||||
Case Else
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Value = "✅ 正常"
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Interior.Color = RGB(200, 255, 200)
|
||||
End Select
|
||||
Next i
|
||||
|
||||
' 格式化
|
||||
ws.Columns("I:K").AutoFit
|
||||
|
||||
' 统计结果
|
||||
Dim total_value As Double
|
||||
total_value = Application.WorksheetFunction.Sum(ws.Range("K2:K" & last_row))
|
||||
|
||||
MsgBox "呆滞料分析完成！" & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"总物料数：" & last_row - 1 & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"严重呆滞数：" & stagnant_count & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"呆滞料金额：$" & Format(stagnant_value, "#,##0.00") & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"呆滞比例：" & Format(stagnant_value / total_value * 100, "0.00") & "%"
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例 4：盘点表生成
|
||||
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
Sub Generate_Inventory_Count_Sheet()
|
||||
Dim ws_stock As Worksheet, ws_count As Worksheet
|
||||
Dim last_row As Long, i As Long
|
||||
|
||||
' 设置工作表
|
||||
Set ws_stock = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存")
|
||||
|
||||
' 删除旧盘点表
|
||||
On Error Resume Next
|
||||
Application.DisplayAlerts = False
|
||||
ThisWorkbook.Sheets("盘点表").Delete
|
||||
Application.DisplayAlerts = True
|
||||
On Error GoTo 0
|
||||
|
||||
' 创建新盘点表
|
||||
Set ws_count = ThisWorkbook.Sheets.Add
|
||||
ws_count.Name = "盘点表_" & Format(Date, "yyyy-mm-dd")
|
||||
|
||||
' 设置表头
|
||||
ws_count.Range("A1:H1").Value = Array( _
|
||||
"序号", "物料编码", "物料名称", "规格", _
|
||||
"单位", "账面数量", "实盘数量", "差异")
|
||||
ws_count.Range("A1:H1").Font.Bold = True
|
||||
|
||||
' 获取库存数据
|
||||
last_row = ws_stock.Cells(ws_stock.Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row
|
||||
|
||||
For i = 2 To last_row
|
||||
ws_count.Cells(i, 1).Value = i - 1
|
||||
ws_count.Cells(i, 2).Value = ws_stock.Cells(i, "A").Value
|
||||
ws_count.Cells(i, 3).Value = ws_stock.Cells(i, "B").Value
|
||||
ws_count.Cells(i, 4).Value = ws_stock.Cells(i, "C").Value
|
||||
ws_count.Cells(i, 5).Value = ws_stock.Cells(i, "G").Value
|
||||
ws_count.Cells(i, 6).Value = ws_stock.Cells(i, "D").Value
|
||||
Next i
|
||||
|
||||
' 设置差异公式
|
||||
ws_count.Range("H2:H" & last_row).Formula = "=F2-G2"
|
||||
|
||||
' 格式化
|
||||
ws_count.Columns("A:H").AutoFit
|
||||
|
||||
' 添加说明
|
||||
ws_count.Range("J1").Value = "盘点说明"
|
||||
ws_count.Range("J2").Value = "1. 在'实盘数量'列填写实际盘点数量"
|
||||
ws_count.Range("J3").Value = "2. '差异'列会自动计算"
|
||||
ws_count.Range("J4").Value = "3. 差异为负表示盘亏，为正表示盘盈"
|
||||
|
||||
' 添加统计
|
||||
ws_count.Range("J6").Value = "盘点统计"
|
||||
ws_count.Range("J7").Value = "总物料数："
|
||||
ws_count.Range("K7").Value = last_row - 1
|
||||
|
||||
MsgBox "盘点表生成完成！" & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"盘点表名称：" & ws_count.Name
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 调试技巧
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. 基本调试方法
|
||||
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
' 使用 Debug.Print 输出信息
|
||||
Debug.Print "当前处理行：" & i
|
||||
Debug.Print "物料编码：" & part_no
|
||||
Debug.Print "库存数量：" & qty
|
||||
|
||||
' 使用断点
|
||||
' 在代码左侧点击设置断点（F9）
|
||||
' 程序会在断点处暂停，可以检查变量值
|
||||
|
||||
' 使用 Watch 窗口
|
||||
' 视图 → 立即窗口 (Ctrl+G)
|
||||
' 视图 → 监视窗口
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. 错误处理
|
||||
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
' 基本错误处理
|
||||
On Error Resume Next ' 忽略错误，继续执行
|
||||
' 你的代码...
|
||||
If Err.Number <> 0 Then
|
||||
Debug.Print "错误：" & Err.Description
|
||||
Err.Clear
|
||||
End If
|
||||
On Error GoTo 0 ' 恢复正常错误处理
|
||||
|
||||
' 详细错误处理
|
||||
Sub Safe_Execution()
|
||||
On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
|
||||
|
||||
' 主要代码
|
||||
Dim ws As Worksheet
|
||||
Set ws = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存")
|
||||
|
||||
' 可能出错的操作
|
||||
Dim qty As Double
|
||||
qty = ws.Range("D100000").Value ' 可能超出范围
|
||||
|
||||
Exit Sub
|
||||
|
||||
ErrorHandler:
|
||||
MsgBox "错误发生：" & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"错误号：" & Err.Number & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"错误描述：" & Err.Description & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"错误位置：" & Erl, vbCritical
|
||||
Err.Clear
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. 性能优化
|
||||
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
' 优化前（慢）
|
||||
Sub Slow_Code()
|
||||
For i = 1 To 10000
|
||||
Cells(i, "A").Value = Cells(i, "A").Value * 2 ' 每次都访问单元格
|
||||
Next i
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
|
||||
' 优化后（快）
|
||||
Sub Fast_Code()
|
||||
Dim data_range As Range
|
||||
Dim data_array As Variant
|
||||
Dim i As Long
|
||||
|
||||
' 一次性读取数据到数组
|
||||
Set data_range = Range("A1:A10000")
|
||||
data_array = data_range.Value
|
||||
|
||||
' 在数组中处理
|
||||
For i = 1 To 10000
|
||||
data_array(i, 1) = data_array(i, 1) * 2
|
||||
Next i
|
||||
|
||||
' 一次性写回
|
||||
data_range.Value = data_array
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
|
||||
' 其他优化技巧
|
||||
Sub Optimization_Tips()
|
||||
Application.ScreenUpdating = False ' 关闭屏幕刷新
|
||||
Application.Calculation = xlCalculationManual ' 关闭自动计算
|
||||
Application.EnableEvents = False ' 关闭事件
|
||||
|
||||
' 执行耗时操作...
|
||||
|
||||
Application.ScreenUpdating = True
|
||||
Application.Calculation = xlCalculationAutomatic
|
||||
Application.EnableEvents = True
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. 调试工具
|
||||
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
' 立即窗口（Immediate Window）
|
||||
' Ctrl+G 打开
|
||||
' ? 变量名 ' 查看变量值
|
||||
' ? 10 * 2 ' 计算表达式
|
||||
|
||||
' 本地窗口（Locals Window）
|
||||
' 视图 → 本地窗口
|
||||
' 显示所有局部变量的值
|
||||
|
||||
' 调试工具栏
|
||||
' 视图 → 工具栏 → 调试
|
||||
' 包含：继续、中断、逐语句、逐过程、跳出
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 快速参考
|
||||
|
||||
### 常用快捷键
|
||||
|
||||
| 快捷键 | 功能 |
|
||||
|--------|------|
|
||||
| Alt + F11 | 打开 VBA 编辑器 |
|
||||
| F5 | 运行宏 |
|
||||
| F8 | 逐语句调试 |
|
||||
| F9 | 设置/取消断点 |
|
||||
| Ctrl + G | 打开立即窗口 |
|
||||
| Ctrl + R | 打开工程资源管理器 |
|
||||
| Ctrl + F | 查找 |
|
||||
| Ctrl + H | 替换 |
|
||||
|
||||
### 常用对象模型
|
||||
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
' 工作簿集合
|
||||
Workbooks("文件名.xlsx")
|
||||
|
||||
' 工作表集合
|
||||
ThisWorkbook.Sheets("表名")
|
||||
ThisWorkbook.Sheets(1) ' 索引从 1 开始
|
||||
|
||||
' 单元格
|
||||
Cells(行, 列) ' 如：Cells(1, 1) = A1
|
||||
Range("A1") ' A1 单元格
|
||||
Range("A1:C10") ' A1 到 C10 区域
|
||||
|
||||
' 行和列
|
||||
Rows(1) ' 第 1 行
|
||||
Columns("A") ' A 列
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 常用常量
|
||||
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
' 对齐方式
|
||||
xlLeft ' 左对齐
|
||||
xlCenter ' 居中
|
||||
xlRight ' 右对齐
|
||||
|
||||
' 边框样式
|
||||
xlThin ' 细线
|
||||
xlMedium ' 中等
|
||||
xlThick ' 粗线
|
||||
|
||||
' 颜色
|
||||
RGB(255, 0, 0) ' 红色
|
||||
RGB(0, 255, 0) ' 绿色
|
||||
RGB(255, 255, 0) ' 黄色
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 下一步
|
||||
|
||||
1. **练习基础语法**：尝试编写简单的宏
|
||||
2. **修改现有工具**：根据你的需求调整代码
|
||||
3. **创建新工具**：解决你的特定问题
|
||||
4. **学习高级技巧**：数组、字典、正则表达式
|
||||
5. **分享你的代码**：贡献到物控学习笔记
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
**最后更新**: 2026-02-03
|
||||
**版本**: v1.0.0
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user