feat: 创建物控学习笔记仓库 v1.0.0
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物控学习笔记/Excel_VBA_基础.md
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物控学习笔记/Excel_VBA_基础.md
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# Excel VBA 物控基础教程 📊
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> 从零开始学习 Excel VBA 在物控中的应用
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---
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## 目录
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1. [VBA 基础语法](#vba-基础语法)
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2. [常用对象](#常用对象)
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3. [物控常用函数](#物控常用函数)
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4. [实战案例](#实战案例)
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5. [调试技巧](#调试技巧)
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---
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## VBA 基础语法
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### 1. 变量声明
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```vba
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' 基本变量类型
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Dim item_code As String ' 物料编码
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Dim quantity As Double ' 数量
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Dim unit_price As Currency ' 单价
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Dim order_date As Date ' 订单日期
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Dim is_critical As Boolean ' 是否关键物料
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' 数组
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Dim part_list(1 To 100) As String
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Dim inventory_data(1 To 1000, 1 To 5) As Variant
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' 集合和字典
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Dim dict As Object
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Set dict = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")
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```
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### 2. 条件语句
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```vba
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' If-Then-Else
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If quantity < safety_stock Then
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MsgBox "库存不足！"
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status = "需补货"
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ElseIf quantity > max_stock Then
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status = "库存过高"
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Else
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status = "正常"
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End If
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' Select Case（适合多条件判断）
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Select Case abc_class
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Case "A"
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priority = "高"
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review_freq = "每周"
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Case "B"
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priority = "中"
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review_freq = "每月"
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Case "C"
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priority = "低"
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review_freq = "每季度"
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End Select
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```
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### 3. 循环结构
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```vba
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' For 循环（已知次数）
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For i = 2 To last_row
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part_no = Cells(i, "A").Value
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qty = Cells(i, "B").Value
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' 处理数据
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If qty > 0 Then
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Cells(i, "C").Value = qty * 1.1 ' 建议采购量
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End If
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Next i
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' For Each 循环（遍历集合）
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Dim ws As Worksheet
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For Each ws In ThisWorkbook.Worksheets
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Debug.Print ws.Name
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Next ws
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' Do While 循环（条件满足时继续）
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Do While Cells(row, "A").Value <> ""
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' 处理数据
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row = row + 1
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Loop
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```
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### 4. 函数定义
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```vba
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' 自定义函数（Function）
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Function Calculate_Safety_Stock(avg_demand As Double, lead_time As Double) As Double
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Dim safety_factor As Double
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safety_factor = 1.5 ' 安全系数
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Calculate_Safety_Stock = avg_demand * lead_time * safety_factor
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End Function
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' 子程序（Sub）
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Sub Generate_Purchase_Order()
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' 执行采购订单生成逻辑
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MsgBox "采购订单生成完成！"
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End Sub
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```
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---
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## 常用对象
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### 1. Worksheet 对象
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```vba
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' 引用工作表
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Dim ws As Worksheet
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Set ws = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存")
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Set ws = ThisWorkbook.Sheets(1) ' 按索引
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' 激活工作表
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ws.Activate
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' 工作表属性
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Debug.Print ws.Name ' 工作表名称
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Debug.Print ws.Cells.Count ' 单元格数量
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Debug.Print ws.UsedRange.Rows.Count ' 已使用行数
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' 清空工作表
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ws.Cells.Clear ' 清除所有内容和格式
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ws.Cells.ClearContents ' 仅清除内容
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```
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### 2. Range 对象
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```vba
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' 单元格引用
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Cells(1, 1).Value = "物料编码" ' 行列索引
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Range("A1").Value = "物料编码" ' A1 表示法
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Range("A1:C10").Value = "数据" ' 区域
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' 动态范围
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last_row = Cells(Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row
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last_col = Cells(1, Columns.Count).End(xlToLeft).Column
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' 批量操作
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Range("A2:A" & last_row).Value = "默认值"
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' 格式设置
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With Range("A1:H1")
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.Font.Bold = True
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.Interior.Color = RGB(200, 200, 200)
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.HorizontalAlignment = xlCenter
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End With
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```
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### 3. Workbook 对象
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```vba
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' 当前工作簿
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Set wb = ThisWorkbook
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' 新建工作簿
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Set new_wb = Workbooks.Add
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' 打开工作簿
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Set wb = Workbooks.Open("C:\路径\文件.xlsx")
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' 保存
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wb.Save
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wb.SaveAs "C:\路径\新文件.xlsx"
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' 关闭
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wb.Close SaveChanges:=True
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```
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### 4. 文件对话框
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```vba
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' 选择文件
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Dim file_path As String
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With Application.FileDialog(msoFileDialogFilePicker)
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.Title = "选择库存数据文件"
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.Filters.Clear
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.Filters.Add "Excel 文件", "*.xlsx;*.xls"
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If .Show = -1 Then
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file_path = .SelectedItems(1)
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End If
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End With
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```
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---
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## 物控常用函数
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### 1. 库存计算函数
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```vba
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' 计算安全库存
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Function Safety_Stock(avg_demand As Double, lead_time As Double, _
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Optional service_level As Double = 0.95) As Double
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Dim z_score As Double
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Select Case service_level
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Case 0.90: z_score = 1.28
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Case 0.95: z_score = 1.65
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Case 0.98: z_score = 2.05
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Case 0.99: z_score = 2.33
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Case Else: z_score = 1.65
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End Select
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Safety_Stock = avg_demand * lead_time * z_score
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End Function
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' 计算订货点
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Function Reorder_Point(avg_demand As Double, lead_time As Double, _
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safety_stock As Double) As Double
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Reorder_Point = avg_demand * lead_time + safety_stock
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End Function
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' 计算经济订货量（EOQ）
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Function EOQ(annual_demand As Double, order_cost As Double, _
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holding_cost As Double) As Double
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EOQ = Sqr(2 * annual_demand * order_cost / holding_cost)
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End Function
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' 计算库存周转率
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Function Inventory_Turnover(sales_cost As Double, avg_inventory As Double) As Double
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If avg_inventory = 0 Then
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Inventory_Turnover = 0
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Else
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Inventory_Turnover = sales_cost / avg_inventory
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End If
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End Function
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' 计算库存天数
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Function Inventory_Days(turnover As Double) As Double
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If turnover = 0 Then
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Inventory_Days = 0
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Else
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Inventory_Days = 365 / turnover
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End If
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End Function
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```
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### 2. 数据查找函数
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```vba
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' 查找物料信息
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Function Get_Part_Info(part_no As String, info_type As String) As Variant
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Dim ws As Worksheet
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Set ws = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("物料主数据")
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Dim last_row As Long
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last_row = ws.Cells(ws.Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row
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Dim i As Long
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For i = 2 To last_row
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If ws.Cells(i, "A").Value = part_no Then
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Select Case info_type
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Case "名称": Get_Part_Info = ws.Cells(i, "B").Value
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Case "规格": Get_Part_Info = ws.Cells(i, "C").Value
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Case "单位": Get_Part_Info = ws.Cells(i, "D").Value
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Case "单价": Get_Part_Info = ws.Cells(i, "E").Value
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Case "供应商": Get_Part_Info = ws.Cells(i, "F").Value
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Case Else: Get_Part_Info = ""
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End Select
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Exit Function
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End If
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Next i
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Get_Part_Info = "未找到"
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End Function
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' 查找库存数量
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Function Get_Stock_Qty(part_no As String) As Double
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On Error Resume Next
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Get_Stock_Qty = Application.WorksheetFunction.VLookup( _
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part_no, ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存").Range("A:D"), 4, False)
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If Err.Number <> 0 Then
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Get_Stock_Qty = 0
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Err.Clear
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End If
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On Error GoTo 0
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End Function
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```
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### 3. 数据验证函数
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```vba
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' 检查物料编码格式
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Function Validate_Part_No(part_no As String) As Boolean
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' 假设物料编码格式：3位字母 + 6位数字（如：ABC123456）
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If Len(part_no) = 9 Then
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If Left(part_no, 3) Like "[A-Z][A-Z][A-Z]" And _
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Right(part_no, 6) Like "######" Then
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Validate_Part_No = True
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Exit Function
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End If
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End If
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Validate_Part_No = False
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End Function
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' 检查库存合理性
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Function Validate_Stock_Qty(qty As Double, min_qty As Double, max_qty As Double) As Boolean
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If qty >= min_qty And qty <= max_qty Then
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Validate_Stock_Qty = True
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Else
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Validate_Stock_Qty = False
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End If
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End Function
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```
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---
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## 实战案例
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### 案例 1：库存报表自动生成
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```vba
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Sub Generate_Inventory_Report()
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Dim ws_stock As Worksheet, ws_report As Worksheet
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Dim last_row As Long, i As Long
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Dim report_row As Long
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' 设置工作表
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Set ws_stock = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存")
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' 删除旧报表
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On Error Resume Next
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Application.DisplayAlerts = False
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ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存报表").Delete
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Application.DisplayAlerts = True
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On Error GoTo 0
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' 创建新报表
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Set ws_report = ThisWorkbook.Sheets.Add
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ws_report.Name = "库存报表_" & Format(Date, "yyyy-mm-dd")
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' 设置表头
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ws_report.Range("A1:J1").Value = Array( _
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"序号", "物料编码", "物料名称", "规格", "单位", _
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"当前库存", "安全库存", "最高库存", "状态", "建议操作")
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ws_report.Range("A1:J1").Font.Bold = True
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' 获取数据
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last_row = ws_stock.Cells(ws_stock.Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row
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report_row = 2
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For i = 2 To last_row
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Dim part_no As String
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Dim part_name As String
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Dim spec As String
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Dim unit As String
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Dim current_qty As Double
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Dim safety_qty As Double
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Dim max_qty As Double
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part_no = ws_stock.Cells(i, "A").Value
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part_name = ws_stock.Cells(i, "B").Value
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spec = ws_stock.Cells(i, "C").Value
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unit = ws_stock.Cells(i, "G").Value
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current_qty = ws_stock.Cells(i, "D").Value
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safety_qty = ws_stock.Cells(i, "E").Value
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max_qty = ws_stock.Cells(i, "F").Value
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' 写入报表
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 1).Value = report_row - 1
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 2).Value = part_no
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 3).Value = part_name
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 4).Value = spec
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 5).Value = unit
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 6).Value = current_qty
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 7).Value = safety_qty
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 8).Value = max_qty
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' 判断状态
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If current_qty < safety_qty Then
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 9).Value = "⚠️ 库存不足"
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 9).Interior.Color = RGB(255, 200, 200)
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 10).Value = "立即补货"
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ElseIf current_qty > max_qty Then
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 9).Value = "📦 库存过高"
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 9).Interior.Color = RGB(255, 255, 200)
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 10).Value = "暂停采购"
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Else
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 9).Value = "✅ 正常"
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 9).Interior.Color = RGB(200, 255, 200)
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ws_report.Cells(report_row, 10).Value = "维持现状"
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End If
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report_row = report_row + 1
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Next i
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' 格式化
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ws_report.Columns("A:J").AutoFit
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' 添加统计
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ws_report.Range("L1").Value = "统计"
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ws_report.Range("L2").Value = "总物料数："
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ws_report.Range("M2").Value = report_row - 2
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ws_report.Range("L3").Value = "缺料数："
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ws_report.Range("M3").Value = Application.WorksheetFunction.CountIf(ws_report.Range("I:I"), "*不足*")
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ws_report.Range("L4").Value = "库存过高数："
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ws_report.Range("M4").Value = Application.WorksheetFunction.CountIf(ws_report.Range("I:I"), "*过高*")
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MsgBox "库存报表生成完成！" & vbCrLf & _
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"报表名称：" & ws_report.Name
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End Sub
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```
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### 案例 2：MRP 计算
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```vba
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Sub Calculate_MRP()
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Dim ws_bom As Worksheet, ws_inventory As Worksheet, ws_mrp As Worksheet
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Dim last_row As Long, i As Long, mrp_row As Long
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' 设置工作表
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Set ws_bom = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("BOM")
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Set ws_inventory = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存")
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' 删除旧 MRP 表
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On Error Resume Next
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Application.DisplayAlerts = False
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ThisWorkbook.Sheets("MRP").Delete
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Application.DisplayAlerts = True
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On Error GoTo 0
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' 创建 MRP 表
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Set ws_mrp = ThisWorkbook.Sheets.Add
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ws_mrp.Name = "MRP"
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' 设置表头
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ws_mrp.Range("A1:H1").Value = Array( _
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"物料编码", "物料名称", "需求量", "库存量", _
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"净需求", "建议采购", "供应商", "到货日期")
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ws_mrp.Range("A1:H1").Font.Bold = True
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' 获取 BOM 数据
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last_row = ws_bom.Cells(ws_bom.Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row
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mrp_row = 2
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For i = 2 To last_row
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Dim part_no As String
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Dim part_name As String
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Dim qty_needed As Double
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||||
Dim qty_in_stock As Double
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||||
Dim net_qty As Double
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||||
Dim lead_time As Double
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||||
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part_no = ws_bom.Cells(i, "A").Value
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part_name = ws_bom.Cells(i, "B").Value
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||||
qty_needed = ws_bom.Cells(i, "C").Value
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' 查找库存
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||||
On Error Resume Next
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||||
qty_in_stock = Application.WorksheetFunction.VLookup( _
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part_no, ws_inventory.Range("A:D"), 4, False)
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||||
If Err.Number <> 0 Then
|
||||
qty_in_stock = 0
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||||
Err.Clear
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||||
End If
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||||
On Error GoTo 0
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||||
|
||||
' 计算净需求
|
||||
net_qty = qty_needed - qty_in_stock
|
||||
|
||||
' 如果需要采购
|
||||
If net_qty > 0 Then
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(mrp_row, 1).Value = part_no
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(mrp_row, 2).Value = part_name
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(mrp_row, 3).Value = qty_needed
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(mrp_row, 4).Value = qty_in_stock
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(mrp_row, 5).Value = net_qty
|
||||
|
||||
' 建议采购量（考虑 MOQ 和安全系数）
|
||||
Dim suggested_qty As Double
|
||||
suggested_qty = net_qty * 1.1 ' 10% 安全系数
|
||||
|
||||
' 查找最小订货量
|
||||
Dim moq As Double
|
||||
On Error Resume Next
|
||||
moq = Application.WorksheetFunction.VLookup( _
|
||||
part_no, ws_inventory.Range("A:H"), 8, False)
|
||||
If Err.Number <> 0 Then
|
||||
moq = 1
|
||||
Err.Clear
|
||||
End If
|
||||
On Error GoTo 0
|
||||
|
||||
If suggested_qty < moq Then
|
||||
suggested_qty = moq
|
||||
End If
|
||||
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(mrp_row, 6).Value = suggested_qty
|
||||
|
||||
' 查找供应商和提前期
|
||||
On Error Resume Next
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(mrp_row, 7).Value = Application.WorksheetFunction.VLookup( _
|
||||
part_no, ws_inventory.Range("A:H"), 7, False)
|
||||
lead_time = Application.WorksheetFunction.VLookup( _
|
||||
part_no, ws_inventory.Range("A:H"), 6, False)
|
||||
If Err.Number <> 0 Then
|
||||
lead_time = 7 ' 默认 7 天
|
||||
Err.Clear
|
||||
End If
|
||||
On Error GoTo 0
|
||||
|
||||
' 计算到货日期
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(mrp_row, 8).Value = Date + lead_time
|
||||
|
||||
mrp_row = mrp_row + 1
|
||||
End If
|
||||
Next i
|
||||
|
||||
' 格式化
|
||||
ws_mrp.Columns("A:H").AutoFit
|
||||
|
||||
' 添加汇总
|
||||
ws_mrp.Range("J1").Value = "MRP 汇总"
|
||||
ws_mrp.Range("J2").Value = "需采购物料数："
|
||||
ws_mrp.Range("K2").Value = mrp_row - 2
|
||||
ws_mrp.Range("J3").Value = "总采购金额："
|
||||
ws_mrp.Range("K3").Formula = "=SUM(F2:F" & mrp_row - 1 & ")*VLOOKUP(A2,库存!A:E,5,FALSE)"
|
||||
|
||||
MsgBox "MRP 计算完成！" & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"需采购物料数：" & mrp_row - 2
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例 3：呆滞料分析
|
||||
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
Sub Analyze_Stagnant_Inventory()
|
||||
Dim ws As Worksheet
|
||||
Dim last_row As Long, i As Long
|
||||
Dim stagnant_count As Long
|
||||
Dim stagnant_value As Double
|
||||
|
||||
Set ws = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存")
|
||||
last_row = ws.Cells(ws.Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row
|
||||
|
||||
' 添加分析列
|
||||
ws.Cells(1, "I").Value = "呆滞状态"
|
||||
ws.Cells(1, "J").Value = "呆滞天数"
|
||||
ws.Cells(1, "K").Value = "呆滞金额"
|
||||
|
||||
' 清空旧数据
|
||||
ws.Range("I2:K" & last_row).ClearContents
|
||||
|
||||
' 分析每行
|
||||
For i = 2 To last_row
|
||||
Dim last_move_date As Date
|
||||
Dim days_stagnant As Long
|
||||
Dim stock_qty As Double
|
||||
Dim unit_price As Double
|
||||
|
||||
' 获取最后移动日期（假设在 H 列）
|
||||
On Error Resume Next
|
||||
last_move_date = ws.Cells(i, "H").Value
|
||||
If Err.Number <> 0 Or last_move_date = 0 Then
|
||||
last_move_date = Date - 365 ' 默认一年前
|
||||
Err.Clear
|
||||
End If
|
||||
On Error GoTo 0
|
||||
|
||||
' 计算呆滞天数
|
||||
days_stagnant = Date - last_move_date
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "J").Value = days_stagnant
|
||||
|
||||
' 计算呆滞金额
|
||||
stock_qty = ws.Cells(i, "D").Value
|
||||
unit_price = ws.Cells(i, "E").Value
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "K").Value = stock_qty * unit_price
|
||||
|
||||
' 判断呆滞状态
|
||||
Select Case days_stagnant
|
||||
Case Is > 365
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Value = "🔴 严重呆滞（>1年）"
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Interior.Color = RGB(255, 150, 150)
|
||||
stagnant_count = stagnant_count + 1
|
||||
stagnant_value = stagnant_value + stock_qty * unit_price
|
||||
Case Is > 180
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Value = "🟡 中度呆滞（6-12月）"
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Interior.Color = RGB(255, 220, 150)
|
||||
Case Is > 90
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Value = "⚠️ 轻度呆滞（3-6月）"
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Interior.Color = RGB(255, 255, 150)
|
||||
Case Else
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Value = "✅ 正常"
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Interior.Color = RGB(200, 255, 200)
|
||||
End Select
|
||||
Next i
|
||||
|
||||
' 格式化
|
||||
ws.Columns("I:K").AutoFit
|
||||
|
||||
' 统计结果
|
||||
Dim total_value As Double
|
||||
total_value = Application.WorksheetFunction.Sum(ws.Range("K2:K" & last_row))
|
||||
|
||||
MsgBox "呆滞料分析完成！" & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"总物料数：" & last_row - 1 & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"严重呆滞数：" & stagnant_count & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"呆滞料金额：$" & Format(stagnant_value, "#,##0.00") & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"呆滞比例：" & Format(stagnant_value / total_value * 100, "0.00") & "%"
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例 4：盘点表生成
|
||||
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
Sub Generate_Inventory_Count_Sheet()
|
||||
Dim ws_stock As Worksheet, ws_count As Worksheet
|
||||
Dim last_row As Long, i As Long
|
||||
|
||||
' 设置工作表
|
||||
Set ws_stock = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存")
|
||||
|
||||
' 删除旧盘点表
|
||||
On Error Resume Next
|
||||
Application.DisplayAlerts = False
|
||||
ThisWorkbook.Sheets("盘点表").Delete
|
||||
Application.DisplayAlerts = True
|
||||
On Error GoTo 0
|
||||
|
||||
' 创建新盘点表
|
||||
Set ws_count = ThisWorkbook.Sheets.Add
|
||||
ws_count.Name = "盘点表_" & Format(Date, "yyyy-mm-dd")
|
||||
|
||||
' 设置表头
|
||||
ws_count.Range("A1:H1").Value = Array( _
|
||||
"序号", "物料编码", "物料名称", "规格", _
|
||||
"单位", "账面数量", "实盘数量", "差异")
|
||||
ws_count.Range("A1:H1").Font.Bold = True
|
||||
|
||||
' 获取库存数据
|
||||
last_row = ws_stock.Cells(ws_stock.Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row
|
||||
|
||||
For i = 2 To last_row
|
||||
ws_count.Cells(i, 1).Value = i - 1
|
||||
ws_count.Cells(i, 2).Value = ws_stock.Cells(i, "A").Value
|
||||
ws_count.Cells(i, 3).Value = ws_stock.Cells(i, "B").Value
|
||||
ws_count.Cells(i, 4).Value = ws_stock.Cells(i, "C").Value
|
||||
ws_count.Cells(i, 5).Value = ws_stock.Cells(i, "G").Value
|
||||
ws_count.Cells(i, 6).Value = ws_stock.Cells(i, "D").Value
|
||||
Next i
|
||||
|
||||
' 设置差异公式
|
||||
ws_count.Range("H2:H" & last_row).Formula = "=F2-G2"
|
||||
|
||||
' 格式化
|
||||
ws_count.Columns("A:H").AutoFit
|
||||
|
||||
' 添加说明
|
||||
ws_count.Range("J1").Value = "盘点说明"
|
||||
ws_count.Range("J2").Value = "1. 在'实盘数量'列填写实际盘点数量"
|
||||
ws_count.Range("J3").Value = "2. '差异'列会自动计算"
|
||||
ws_count.Range("J4").Value = "3. 差异为负表示盘亏，为正表示盘盈"
|
||||
|
||||
' 添加统计
|
||||
ws_count.Range("J6").Value = "盘点统计"
|
||||
ws_count.Range("J7").Value = "总物料数："
|
||||
ws_count.Range("K7").Value = last_row - 1
|
||||
|
||||
MsgBox "盘点表生成完成！" & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"盘点表名称：" & ws_count.Name
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 调试技巧
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. 基本调试方法
|
||||
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
' 使用 Debug.Print 输出信息
|
||||
Debug.Print "当前处理行：" & i
|
||||
Debug.Print "物料编码：" & part_no
|
||||
Debug.Print "库存数量：" & qty
|
||||
|
||||
' 使用断点
|
||||
' 在代码左侧点击设置断点（F9）
|
||||
' 程序会在断点处暂停，可以检查变量值
|
||||
|
||||
' 使用 Watch 窗口
|
||||
' 视图 → 立即窗口 (Ctrl+G)
|
||||
' 视图 → 监视窗口
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. 错误处理
|
||||
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
' 基本错误处理
|
||||
On Error Resume Next ' 忽略错误，继续执行
|
||||
' 你的代码...
|
||||
If Err.Number <> 0 Then
|
||||
Debug.Print "错误：" & Err.Description
|
||||
Err.Clear
|
||||
End If
|
||||
On Error GoTo 0 ' 恢复正常错误处理
|
||||
|
||||
' 详细错误处理
|
||||
Sub Safe_Execution()
|
||||
On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
|
||||
|
||||
' 主要代码
|
||||
Dim ws As Worksheet
|
||||
Set ws = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存")
|
||||
|
||||
' 可能出错的操作
|
||||
Dim qty As Double
|
||||
qty = ws.Range("D100000").Value ' 可能超出范围
|
||||
|
||||
Exit Sub
|
||||
|
||||
ErrorHandler:
|
||||
MsgBox "错误发生：" & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"错误号：" & Err.Number & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"错误描述：" & Err.Description & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"错误位置：" & Erl, vbCritical
|
||||
Err.Clear
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. 性能优化
|
||||
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
' 优化前（慢）
|
||||
Sub Slow_Code()
|
||||
For i = 1 To 10000
|
||||
Cells(i, "A").Value = Cells(i, "A").Value * 2 ' 每次都访问单元格
|
||||
Next i
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
|
||||
' 优化后（快）
|
||||
Sub Fast_Code()
|
||||
Dim data_range As Range
|
||||
Dim data_array As Variant
|
||||
Dim i As Long
|
||||
|
||||
' 一次性读取数据到数组
|
||||
Set data_range = Range("A1:A10000")
|
||||
data_array = data_range.Value
|
||||
|
||||
' 在数组中处理
|
||||
For i = 1 To 10000
|
||||
data_array(i, 1) = data_array(i, 1) * 2
|
||||
Next i
|
||||
|
||||
' 一次性写回
|
||||
data_range.Value = data_array
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
|
||||
' 其他优化技巧
|
||||
Sub Optimization_Tips()
|
||||
Application.ScreenUpdating = False ' 关闭屏幕刷新
|
||||
Application.Calculation = xlCalculationManual ' 关闭自动计算
|
||||
Application.EnableEvents = False ' 关闭事件
|
||||
|
||||
' 执行耗时操作...
|
||||
|
||||
Application.ScreenUpdating = True
|
||||
Application.Calculation = xlCalculationAutomatic
|
||||
Application.EnableEvents = True
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. 调试工具
|
||||
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
' 立即窗口（Immediate Window）
|
||||
' Ctrl+G 打开
|
||||
' ? 变量名 ' 查看变量值
|
||||
' ? 10 * 2 ' 计算表达式
|
||||
|
||||
' 本地窗口（Locals Window）
|
||||
' 视图 → 本地窗口
|
||||
' 显示所有局部变量的值
|
||||
|
||||
' 调试工具栏
|
||||
' 视图 → 工具栏 → 调试
|
||||
' 包含：继续、中断、逐语句、逐过程、跳出
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 快速参考
|
||||
|
||||
### 常用快捷键
|
||||
|
||||
| 快捷键 | 功能 |
|
||||
|--------|------|
|
||||
| Alt + F11 | 打开 VBA 编辑器 |
|
||||
| F5 | 运行宏 |
|
||||
| F8 | 逐语句调试 |
|
||||
| F9 | 设置/取消断点 |
|
||||
| Ctrl + G | 打开立即窗口 |
|
||||
| Ctrl + R | 打开工程资源管理器 |
|
||||
| Ctrl + F | 查找 |
|
||||
| Ctrl + H | 替换 |
|
||||
|
||||
### 常用对象模型
|
||||
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
' 工作簿集合
|
||||
Workbooks("文件名.xlsx")
|
||||
|
||||
' 工作表集合
|
||||
ThisWorkbook.Sheets("表名")
|
||||
ThisWorkbook.Sheets(1) ' 索引从 1 开始
|
||||
|
||||
' 单元格
|
||||
Cells(行, 列) ' 如：Cells(1, 1) = A1
|
||||
Range("A1") ' A1 单元格
|
||||
Range("A1:C10") ' A1 到 C10 区域
|
||||
|
||||
' 行和列
|
||||
Rows(1) ' 第 1 行
|
||||
Columns("A") ' A 列
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 常用常量
|
||||
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
' 对齐方式
|
||||
xlLeft ' 左对齐
|
||||
xlCenter ' 居中
|
||||
xlRight ' 右对齐
|
||||
|
||||
' 边框样式
|
||||
xlThin ' 细线
|
||||
xlMedium ' 中等
|
||||
xlThick ' 粗线
|
||||
|
||||
' 颜色
|
||||
RGB(255, 0, 0) ' 红色
|
||||
RGB(0, 255, 0) ' 绿色
|
||||
RGB(255, 255, 0) ' 黄色
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 下一步
|
||||
|
||||
1. **练习基础语法**：尝试编写简单的宏
|
||||
2. **修改现有工具**：根据你的需求调整代码
|
||||
3. **创建新工具**：解决你的特定问题
|
||||
4. **学习高级技巧**：数组、字典、正则表达式
|
||||
5. **分享你的代码**：贡献到物控学习笔记
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
**最后更新**: 2026-02-03
|
||||
**版本**: v1.0.0
|
||||
833
物控学习笔记/README.md
Normal file
833
物控学习笔记/README.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,833 @@
|
||||
# 物控学习笔记 📚
|
||||
|
||||
> 物料控制（Material Control）学习笔记与最佳实践
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 📖 目录
|
||||
|
||||
- [基础知识](#基础知识)
|
||||
- [Excel VBA 工具库](#excel-vba-工具库)
|
||||
- [库存管理](#库存管理)
|
||||
- [生产计划](#生产计划)
|
||||
- [数据分析](#数据分析)
|
||||
- [自动化脚本](#自动化脚本)
|
||||
- [案例研究](#案例研究)
|
||||
- [资源推荐](#资源推荐)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 基础知识
|
||||
|
||||
### 什么是物控？
|
||||
|
||||
物料控制（Material Control）是生产管理中的核心环节，主要负责：
|
||||
- 物料需求计划（MRP）
|
||||
- 库存管理与优化
|
||||
- 采购计划制定
|
||||
- 物料追溯与盘点
|
||||
- 成本控制
|
||||
|
||||
### 物控的核心指标
|
||||
|
||||
1. **库存周转率** = 年销售成本 / 平均库存
|
||||
2. **库存天数** = 365 / 库存周转率
|
||||
3. **缺料率** = 缺料次数 / 总领料次数
|
||||
4. **呆滞料比例** = 呆滞料金额 / 总库存金额
|
||||
5. **物料齐套率** = 齐套订单数 / 总订单数
|
||||
|
||||
### 物控工作流程
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
1. 接收生产计划
|
||||
↓
|
||||
2. 计算物料需求（BOM展开）
|
||||
↓
|
||||
3. 检查库存状态
|
||||
↓
|
||||
4. 制定采购计划
|
||||
↓
|
||||
5. 跟踪物料到货
|
||||
↓
|
||||
6. 物料发放与追溯
|
||||
↓
|
||||
7. 库存盘点与优化
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Excel VBA 工具库
|
||||
|
||||
### 现有工具
|
||||
|
||||
本仓库包含以下 Excel VBA 物控工具：
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. **vba-mc-toolkit** ⭐
|
||||
Excel VBA 物控小程序库
|
||||
|
||||
**功能模块**：
|
||||
- 物料需求计算
|
||||
- 库存报表生成
|
||||
- 采购订单管理
|
||||
- 盘点表自动生成
|
||||
- 呆滞料分析
|
||||
|
||||
**使用方法**：
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
' 导入工具库
|
||||
Sub Import_MC_Toolkit()
|
||||
Workbooks.Open "vba-mc-toolkit.xlsm"
|
||||
Application.Run "Initialize_MC_System"
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### VBA 物控常用代码片段
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. 自动计算安全库存
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
Function Calculate_Safety_Stock(avg_demand As Double, lead_time As Double, service_level As Double) As Double
|
||||
' avg_demand: 平均日需求
|
||||
' lead_time: 采购提前期（天）
|
||||
' service_level: 服务水平（0.95 = 95%）
|
||||
|
||||
Dim z_score As Double
|
||||
Select Case service_level
|
||||
Case 0.90: z_score = 1.28
|
||||
Case 0.95: z_score = 1.65
|
||||
Case 0.98: z_score = 2.05
|
||||
Case 0.99: z_score = 2.33
|
||||
Case Else: z_score = 1.65
|
||||
End Select
|
||||
|
||||
Calculate_Safety_Stock = avg_demand * lead_time * z_score
|
||||
End Function
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. 库存预警
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
Sub Inventory_Alert()
|
||||
Dim ws As Worksheet
|
||||
Set ws = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存")
|
||||
|
||||
Dim last_row As Long
|
||||
last_row = ws.Cells(ws.Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row
|
||||
|
||||
For i = 2 To last_row
|
||||
Dim current_qty As Double
|
||||
Dim min_qty As Double
|
||||
Dim max_qty As Double
|
||||
|
||||
current_qty = ws.Cells(i, "D").Value ' 当前库存
|
||||
min_qty = ws.Cells(i, "E").Value ' 最低库存
|
||||
max_qty = ws.Cells(i, "F").Value ' 最高库存
|
||||
|
||||
If current_qty < min_qty Then
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "G").Value = "⚠️ 需补货"
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "G").Interior.Color = RGB(255, 200, 200)
|
||||
ElseIf current_qty > max_qty Then
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "G").Value = "📦 库存过高"
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "G").Interior.Color = RGB(255, 255, 200)
|
||||
Else
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "G").Value = "✅ 正常"
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "G").Interior.Color = RGB(200, 255, 200)
|
||||
End If
|
||||
Next i
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. 物料需求计算（MRP）
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
Sub Calculate_MRP()
|
||||
Dim ws_bom As Worksheet, ws_inventory As Worksheet, ws_mrp As Worksheet
|
||||
Set ws_bom = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("BOM")
|
||||
Set ws_inventory = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存")
|
||||
Set ws_mrp = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("MRP")
|
||||
|
||||
' 清空 MRP 表
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells.Clear
|
||||
|
||||
' 设置表头
|
||||
ws_mrp.Range("A1:F1").Value = Array("物料编码", "物料名称", "需求量", "库存量", "净需求", "建议采购")
|
||||
|
||||
' 计算逻辑
|
||||
Dim last_row As Long
|
||||
last_row = ws_bom.Cells(ws_bom.Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row
|
||||
|
||||
For i = 2 To last_row
|
||||
Dim part_no As String
|
||||
Dim qty_needed As Double
|
||||
Dim qty_in_stock As Double
|
||||
Dim net_qty As Double
|
||||
|
||||
part_no = ws_bom.Cells(i, "A").Value
|
||||
qty_needed = ws_bom.Cells(i, "C").Value
|
||||
|
||||
' 查找库存
|
||||
qty_in_stock = Application.WorksheetFunction.VLookup(part_no, ws_inventory.Range("A:D"), 4, False)
|
||||
|
||||
net_qty = qty_needed - qty_in_stock
|
||||
|
||||
If net_qty > 0 Then
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(i, 1).Value = part_no
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(i, 3).Value = qty_needed
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(i, 4).Value = qty_in_stock
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(i, 5).Value = net_qty
|
||||
ws_mrp.Cells(i, 6).Value = net_qty * 1.1 ' 建议采购量（含 10% 安全系数）
|
||||
End If
|
||||
Next i
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4. 盘点表生成
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
Sub Generate_Inventory_Count_Sheet()
|
||||
Dim ws As Worksheet
|
||||
Set ws = ThisWorkbook.Sheets.Add
|
||||
ws.Name = "盘点表_" & Format(Date, "yyyy-mm-dd")
|
||||
|
||||
' 设置表头
|
||||
ws.Range("A1:H1").Value = Array("序号", "物料编码", "物料名称", "规格", "单位", "账面数量", "实盘数量", "差异")
|
||||
ws.Range("A1:H1").Font.Bold = True
|
||||
|
||||
' 从库存表复制数据
|
||||
Dim ws_stock As Worksheet
|
||||
Set ws_stock = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存")
|
||||
|
||||
Dim last_row As Long
|
||||
last_row = ws_stock.Cells(ws_stock.Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row
|
||||
|
||||
For i = 2 To last_row
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, 1).Value = i - 1
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, 2).Value = ws_stock.Cells(i, "A").Value
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, 3).Value = ws_stock.Cells(i, "B").Value
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, 4).Value = ws_stock.Cells(i, "C").Value
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, 5).Value = ws_stock.Cells(i, "G").Value
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, 6).Value = ws_stock.Cells(i, "D").Value
|
||||
Next i
|
||||
|
||||
' 格式化
|
||||
ws.Columns("A:H").AutoFit
|
||||
ws.Range("H2:H" & last_row).Formula = "=F2-G2"
|
||||
|
||||
MsgBox "盘点表生成完成！"
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### 5. 呆滞料分析
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
Sub Analyze_Stagnant_Inventory()
|
||||
Dim ws As Worksheet
|
||||
Set ws = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("库存")
|
||||
|
||||
Dim last_row As Long
|
||||
last_row = ws.Cells(ws.Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row
|
||||
|
||||
' 添加呆滞料标识列
|
||||
ws.Cells(1, "I").Value = "呆滞状态"
|
||||
ws.Cells(1, "J").Value = "呆滞天数"
|
||||
|
||||
For i = 2 To last_row
|
||||
Dim last_move_date As Date
|
||||
Dim days_stagnant As Long
|
||||
|
||||
last_move_date = ws.Cells(i, "H").Value ' 最后移动日期
|
||||
days_stagnant = Date - last_move_date
|
||||
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "J").Value = days_stagnant
|
||||
|
||||
Select Case days_stagnant
|
||||
Case Is > 365
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Value = "🔴 严重呆滞（>1年）"
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Interior.Color = RGB(255, 150, 150)
|
||||
Case Is > 180
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Value = "🟡 中度呆滞（6-12月）"
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Interior.Color = RGB(255, 220, 150)
|
||||
Case Is > 90
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Value = "⚠️ 轻度呆滞（3-6月）"
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Interior.Color = RGB(255, 255, 150)
|
||||
Case Else
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Value = "✅ 正常"
|
||||
ws.Cells(i, "I").Interior.Color = RGB(200, 255, 200)
|
||||
End Select
|
||||
Next i
|
||||
|
||||
' 统计
|
||||
Dim stagnant_count As Long
|
||||
Dim stagnant_value As Double
|
||||
|
||||
For i = 2 To last_row
|
||||
If ws.Cells(i, "J").Value > 90 Then
|
||||
stagnant_count = stagnant_count + 1
|
||||
stagnant_value = stagnant_value + ws.Cells(i, "D").Value * ws.Cells(i, "E").Value
|
||||
End If
|
||||
Next i
|
||||
|
||||
MsgBox "呆滞料分析完成！" & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"呆滞物料数量：" & stagnant_count & vbCrLf & _
|
||||
"呆滞料金额：$" & Format(stagnant_value, "#,##0.00")
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 库存管理
|
||||
|
||||
### 库存分类方法
|
||||
|
||||
#### ABC 分析法
|
||||
- **A 类**：价值占比 70-80%，数量占比 10-20% → 重点管理，高频盘点
|
||||
- **B 类**：价值占比 15-25%，数量占比 20-30% → 中等管理，中频盘点
|
||||
- **C 类**：价值占比 5-10%，数量占比 50-70% → 简化管理，低频盘点
|
||||
|
||||
#### VED 分类法（关键性）
|
||||
- **V（Vital）**：关键物料，缺料导致停产
|
||||
- **E（Essential）**：重要物料，缺料影响生产
|
||||
- **D（Desirable）**：一般物料，缺料影响较小
|
||||
|
||||
### 库存优化策略
|
||||
|
||||
1. **安全库存计算**
|
||||
```
|
||||
安全库存 = 平均日需求 × 安全天数 × 波动系数
|
||||
|
||||
其中：
|
||||
- 安全天数 = 采购提前期 + 缓冲天数
|
||||
- 波动系数 = 1.2 ~ 1.5（根据历史数据调整）
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
2. **订货点（ROP）**
|
||||
```
|
||||
订货点 = 平均日需求 × 采购提前期 + 安全库存
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
3. **经济订货量（EOQ）**
|
||||
```
|
||||
EOQ = √(2 × 年需求量 × 单次订货成本 / 单位持有成本)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 库存盘点方法
|
||||
|
||||
| 盘点方式 | 适用场景 | 优点 | 缺点 |
|
||||
|---------|---------|------|------|
|
||||
| 全面盘点 | 年度/半年度 | 准确性高 | 耗时耗力 |
|
||||
| 循环盘点 | 日常管理 | 持续监控 | 覆盖不全 |
|
||||
| ABC 分类盘点 | A类物料高频 | 重点突出 | B/C类可能遗漏 |
|
||||
| 随机抽样盘点 | 月度抽查 | 效率高 | 准确性较低 |
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 生产计划
|
||||
|
||||
### MRP 计算逻辑
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
毛需求 = 生产计划 × BOM 用量
|
||||
|
||||
净需求 = 毛需求 - 现有库存 - 在途库存 + 安全库存
|
||||
|
||||
建议采购量 = 净需求 × 订货倍数（MOQ）
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 生产排程原则
|
||||
|
||||
1. **优先级规则**
|
||||
- 交期优先（EDD）
|
||||
- 最短加工时间（SPT）
|
||||
- 关键比率（CR）
|
||||
|
||||
2. **产能平衡**
|
||||
```
|
||||
产能负荷 = 标准工时 × 数量 / 有效工时
|
||||
|
||||
负荷率 = 产能负荷 / 总产能
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
3. **瓶颈管理**
|
||||
- 识别瓶颈工序
|
||||
- 瓶颈前缓冲库存
|
||||
- 瓶颈后拉式生产
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 数据分析
|
||||
|
||||
### 关键指标仪表板
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
# Python 物控数据分析示例
|
||||
import pandas as pd
|
||||
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
|
||||
|
||||
# 1. 库存周转率分析
|
||||
def inventory_turnover_analysis(df):
|
||||
"""
|
||||
df: 包含 '物料编码', '期初库存', '期末库存', '销售成本' 的 DataFrame
|
||||
"""
|
||||
df['平均库存'] = (df['期初库存'] + df['期末库存']) / 2
|
||||
df['库存周转率'] = df['销售成本'] / df['平均库存']
|
||||
df['库存天数'] = 365 / df['库存周转率']
|
||||
|
||||
return df
|
||||
|
||||
# 2. 呆滞料分析
|
||||
def stagnant_inventory_analysis(df, days_threshold=90):
|
||||
"""
|
||||
分析呆滞料
|
||||
"""
|
||||
df['呆滞天数'] = (pd.Timestamp.now() - df['最后移动日期']).dt.days
|
||||
df['呆滞状态'] = pd.cut(df['呆滞天数'],
|
||||
bins=[0, 30, 90, 180, 365, float('inf')],
|
||||
labels=['正常', '预警', '轻度呆滞', '中度呆滞', '严重呆滞'])
|
||||
|
||||
return df
|
||||
|
||||
# 3. 库存结构分析
|
||||
def inventory_structure_analysis(df):
|
||||
"""
|
||||
ABC 分类
|
||||
"""
|
||||
df['物料价值'] = df['库存数量'] * df['单价']
|
||||
df_sorted = df.sort_values('物料价值', ascending=False)
|
||||
df_sorted['累计价值占比'] = df_sorted['物料价值'].cumsum() / df_sorted['物料价值'].sum()
|
||||
|
||||
def abc_class(cum_ratio):
|
||||
if cum_ratio <= 0.8:
|
||||
return 'A'
|
||||
elif cum_ratio <= 0.95:
|
||||
return 'B'
|
||||
else:
|
||||
return 'C'
|
||||
|
||||
df_sorted['ABC分类'] = df_sorted['累计价值占比'].apply(abc_class)
|
||||
|
||||
return df_sorted
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 可视化仪表板
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
# 库存仪表板
|
||||
def create_inventory_dashboard(df):
|
||||
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(15, 10))
|
||||
|
||||
# 1. 库存结构饼图
|
||||
abc_counts = df['ABC分类'].value_counts()
|
||||
axes[0, 0].pie(abc_counts.values, labels=abc_counts.index, autopct='%1.1f%%')
|
||||
axes[0, 0].set_title('ABC 库存结构')
|
||||
|
||||
# 2. 库存周转率柱状图
|
||||
top_items = df.nlargest(10, '库存周转率')
|
||||
axes[0, 1].bar(top_items['物料编码'], top_items['库存周转率'])
|
||||
axes[0, 1].set_title('Top 10 库存周转率')
|
||||
axes[0, 1].tick_params(axis='x', rotation=45)
|
||||
|
||||
# 3. 呆滞料分布
|
||||
stagnant_counts = df['呆滞状态'].value_counts()
|
||||
axes[1, 0].bar(stagnant_counts.index, stagnant_counts.values)
|
||||
axes[1, 0].set_title('呆滞料分布')
|
||||
|
||||
# 4. 库存价值分布
|
||||
axes[1, 1].hist(df['物料价值'], bins=20, edgecolor='black')
|
||||
axes[1, 1].set_title('库存价值分布')
|
||||
axes[1, 1].set_xlabel('物料价值')
|
||||
axes[1, 1].set_ylabel('频次')
|
||||
|
||||
plt.tight_layout()
|
||||
plt.savefig('inventory_dashboard.png', dpi=300, bbox_inches='tight')
|
||||
plt.show()
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 自动化脚本
|
||||
|
||||
### Python 物控自动化工具
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. 库存报表自动生成
|
||||
```python
|
||||
# inventory_report.py
|
||||
import pandas as pd
|
||||
import openpyxl
|
||||
from datetime import datetime
|
||||
|
||||
class InventoryReporter:
|
||||
def __init__(self, data_file):
|
||||
self.data = pd.read_excel(data_file)
|
||||
self.report_date = datetime.now()
|
||||
|
||||
def generate_daily_report(self):
|
||||
"""生成日报"""
|
||||
report = {
|
||||
'日期': self.report_date.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'),
|
||||
'库存总金额': self.data['库存金额'].sum(),
|
||||
'库存物料数': len(self.data),
|
||||
'呆滞料金额': self.data[self.data['呆滞天数'] > 90]['库存金额'].sum(),
|
||||
'缺料物料数': len(self.data[self.data['库存数量'] < self.data['安全库存']]),
|
||||
'库存周转率': self.data['销售成本'].sum() / self.data['平均库存'].sum()
|
||||
}
|
||||
return pd.DataFrame([report])
|
||||
|
||||
def export_to_excel(self, output_path):
|
||||
"""导出到 Excel"""
|
||||
with pd.ExcelWriter(output_path, engine='openpyxl') as writer:
|
||||
# 汇总表
|
||||
summary = self.generate_daily_report()
|
||||
summary.to_excel(writer, sheet_name='汇总', index=False)
|
||||
|
||||
# 明细表
|
||||
self.data.to_excel(writer, sheet_name='库存明细', index=False)
|
||||
|
||||
# 呆滞料表
|
||||
stagnant = self.data[self.data['呆滞天数'] > 90]
|
||||
stagnant.to_excel(writer, sheet_name='呆滞料', index=False)
|
||||
|
||||
# 缺料表
|
||||
shortage = self.data[self.data['库存数量'] < self.data['安全库存']]
|
||||
shortage.to_excel(writer, sheet_name='缺料预警', index=False)
|
||||
|
||||
print(f"报表已生成：{output_path}")
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. 自动补货计算
|
||||
```python
|
||||
# auto_replenishment.py
|
||||
import pandas as pd
|
||||
import numpy as np
|
||||
|
||||
class AutoReplenishment:
|
||||
def __init__(self, inventory_data, demand_data):
|
||||
self.inventory = inventory_data
|
||||
self.demand = demand_data
|
||||
|
||||
def calculate_reorder_point(self, lead_time_days, service_level=0.95):
|
||||
"""计算订货点"""
|
||||
# 计算平均日需求和标准差
|
||||
avg_daily_demand = self.demand['日需求量'].mean()
|
||||
std_daily_demand = self.demand['日需求量'].std()
|
||||
|
||||
# Z 值（服务水平）
|
||||
z_values = {0.90: 1.28, 0.95: 1.65, 0.98: 2.05, 0.99: 2.33}
|
||||
z = z_values.get(service_level, 1.65)
|
||||
|
||||
# 安全库存
|
||||
safety_stock = z * std_daily_demand * np.sqrt(lead_time_days)
|
||||
|
||||
# 订货点
|
||||
reorder_point = avg_daily_demand * lead_time_days + safety_stock
|
||||
|
||||
return {
|
||||
'平均日需求': avg_daily_demand,
|
||||
'安全库存': safety_stock,
|
||||
'订货点': reorder_point
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
def generate_purchase_plan(self):
|
||||
"""生成采购计划"""
|
||||
purchase_list = []
|
||||
|
||||
for _, item in self.inventory.iterrows():
|
||||
if item['当前库存'] < item['订货点']:
|
||||
# 计算建议采购量
|
||||
lead_time = item['采购提前期']
|
||||
avg_demand = self.demand[self.demand['物料编码'] == item['物料编码']]['日需求量'].mean()
|
||||
|
||||
# 建议采购量 = (提前期需求 + 安全库存) - 当前库存
|
||||
suggested_qty = (avg_demand * lead_time + item['安全库存']) - item['当前库存']
|
||||
|
||||
# 考虑最小订货量（MOQ）
|
||||
moq = item.get('最小订货量', 1)
|
||||
if suggested_qty < moq:
|
||||
suggested_qty = moq
|
||||
|
||||
purchase_list.append({
|
||||
'物料编码': item['物料编码'],
|
||||
'物料名称': item['物料名称'],
|
||||
'当前库存': item['当前库存'],
|
||||
'订货点': item['订货点'],
|
||||
'建议采购量': suggested_qty,
|
||||
'供应商': item.get('供应商', ''),
|
||||
'预计到货日期': pd.Timestamp.now() + pd.Timedelta(days=item['采购提前期'])
|
||||
})
|
||||
|
||||
return pd.DataFrame(purchase_list)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. 库存预警系统
|
||||
```python
|
||||
# inventory_alert.py
|
||||
import smtplib
|
||||
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
|
||||
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
|
||||
import pandas as pd
|
||||
|
||||
class InventoryAlert:
|
||||
def __init__(self, smtp_config):
|
||||
self.smtp_server = smtp_config['server']
|
||||
self.smtp_port = smtp_config['port']
|
||||
self.email_user = smtp_config['user']
|
||||
self.email_password = smtp_config['password']
|
||||
|
||||
def check_inventory_status(self, inventory_df):
|
||||
"""检查库存状态"""
|
||||
alerts = []
|
||||
|
||||
for _, item in inventory_df.iterrows():
|
||||
# 缺料预警
|
||||
if item['当前库存'] < item['安全库存']:
|
||||
alerts.append({
|
||||
'类型': '缺料预警',
|
||||
'物料编码': item['物料编码'],
|
||||
'物料名称': item['物料名称'],
|
||||
'当前库存': item['当前库存'],
|
||||
'安全库存': item['安全库存'],
|
||||
'缺口': item['安全库存'] - item['当前库存']
|
||||
})
|
||||
|
||||
# 呆滞料预警
|
||||
if item['呆滞天数'] > 90:
|
||||
alerts.append({
|
||||
'类型': '呆滞料预警',
|
||||
'物料编码': item['物料编码'],
|
||||
'物料名称': item['物料名称'],
|
||||
'呆滞天数': item['呆滞天数'],
|
||||
'库存金额': item['库存金额']
|
||||
})
|
||||
|
||||
# 库存过高预警
|
||||
if item['当前库存'] > item['最高库存']:
|
||||
alerts.append({
|
||||
'类型': '库存过高',
|
||||
'物料编码': item['物料编码'],
|
||||
'物料名称': item['物料名称'],
|
||||
'当前库存': item['当前库存'],
|
||||
'最高库存': item['最高库存']
|
||||
})
|
||||
|
||||
return pd.DataFrame(alerts)
|
||||
|
||||
def send_alert_email(self, alerts_df, recipient):
|
||||
"""发送预警邮件"""
|
||||
if alerts_df.empty:
|
||||
return
|
||||
|
||||
msg = MIMEMultipart('alternative')
|
||||
msg['Subject'] = f'库存预警报告 - {pd.Timestamp.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d")}'
|
||||
msg['From'] = self.email_user
|
||||
msg['To'] = recipient
|
||||
|
||||
# 生成 HTML
|
||||
html = f"""
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<style>
|
||||
body {{ font-family: Arial, sans-serif; }}
|
||||
table {{ border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; }}
|
||||
th, td {{ border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left; }}
|
||||
th {{ background-color: #f2f2f2; }}
|
||||
.alert-high {{ background-color: #ffcccc; }}
|
||||
.alert-medium {{ background-color: #fff3cd; }}
|
||||
</style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h2>库存预警报告</h2>
|
||||
<p>生成时间：{pd.Timestamp.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")}</p>
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th>类型</th>
|
||||
<th>物料编码</th>
|
||||
<th>物料名称</th>
|
||||
<th>数值</th>
|
||||
<th>状态</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
for _, row in alerts_df.iterrows():
|
||||
row_class = "alert-high" if row['类型'] in ['缺料预警', '呆滞料预警'] else "alert-medium"
|
||||
value = row.get('缺口', row.get('呆滞天数', row.get('当前库存', '')))
|
||||
html += f"""
|
||||
<tr class="{row_class}">
|
||||
<td>{row['类型']}</td>
|
||||
<td>{row['物料编码']}</td>
|
||||
<td>{row['物料名称']}</td>
|
||||
<td>{value}</td>
|
||||
<td>需要处理</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
html += """
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
<p>请及时处理预警事项！</p>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
msg.attach(MIMEText(html, 'html'))
|
||||
|
||||
# 发送邮件
|
||||
with smtplib.SMTP_SSL(self.smtp_server, self.smtp_port) as server:
|
||||
server.login(self.email_user, self.email_password)
|
||||
server.send_message(msg)
|
||||
|
||||
print(f"预警邮件已发送至 {recipient}")
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 案例研究
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例 1：降低库存周转天数
|
||||
|
||||
**背景**：
|
||||
- 某电子厂库存周转天数：90 天
|
||||
- 目标：降低至 60 天
|
||||
|
||||
**措施**：
|
||||
1. ABC 分类管理
|
||||
2. 优化安全库存
|
||||
3. 实施 VMI（供应商管理库存）
|
||||
4. 定期盘点与清理呆滞料
|
||||
|
||||
**结果**：
|
||||
- 库存周转天数降至 55 天
|
||||
- 库存资金占用减少 38%
|
||||
- 缺料率从 5% 降至 1.5%
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例 2：呆滞料清理
|
||||
|
||||
**背景**：
|
||||
- 呆滞料金额：$500,000
|
||||
- 占总库存：15%
|
||||
|
||||
**措施**：
|
||||
1. 呆滞料分析与分类
|
||||
2. 制定清理计划（折价销售、退供应商、报废）
|
||||
3. 优化采购策略
|
||||
4. 建立呆滞料预警机制
|
||||
|
||||
**结果**：
|
||||
- 呆滞料减少 70%
|
||||
- 释放资金 $350,000
|
||||
- 库存结构优化
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 资源推荐
|
||||
|
||||
### 书籍
|
||||
1. **《物料管理实务》** - 作者：王文信
|
||||
2. **《生产与运营管理》** - 作者：Richard B. Chase
|
||||
3. **《供应链管理：战略、规划与运作》** - 作者：Sunil Chopra
|
||||
|
||||
### 在线课程
|
||||
1. **Coursera** - Supply Chain Management Specialization
|
||||
2. **Udemy** - Inventory Management and Control
|
||||
3. **edX** - Operations Management
|
||||
|
||||
### 工具软件
|
||||
1. **ERP 系统**：SAP、Oracle、金蝶、用友
|
||||
2. **WMS 系统**：仓库管理系统
|
||||
3. **Excel VBA**：自定义工具开发
|
||||
|
||||
### 行业标准
|
||||
1. **ISO 9001** - 质量管理体系
|
||||
2. **ISO 28000** - 供应链安全管理体系
|
||||
3. **APICS CPIM** - 生产与库存管理认证
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 快速开始
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. 安装依赖
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Python 环境
|
||||
pip install pandas openpyxl matplotlib
|
||||
|
||||
# Excel VBA
|
||||
# 打开 Excel → 开发工具 → Visual Basic → 导入模块
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. 使用示例
|
||||
```python
|
||||
# 导入工具库
|
||||
from inventory_report import InventoryReporter
|
||||
from auto_replenishment import AutoReplenishment
|
||||
|
||||
# 生成日报
|
||||
reporter = InventoryReporter('inventory_data.xlsx')
|
||||
reporter.export_to_excel('daily_report.xlsx')
|
||||
|
||||
# 自动补货
|
||||
replenishment = AutoReplenishment(inventory_data, demand_data)
|
||||
purchase_plan = replenishment.generate_purchase_plan()
|
||||
purchase_plan.to_excel('purchase_plan.xlsx', index=False)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Excel VBA 使用
|
||||
```vba
|
||||
' 打开工具库
|
||||
Sub Open_MC_Toolkit()
|
||||
Workbooks.Open "vba-mc-toolkit.xlsm"
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
|
||||
' 运行库存预警
|
||||
Sub Run_Inventory_Alert()
|
||||
Call Inventory_Alert
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
|
||||
' 生成盘点表
|
||||
Sub Run_Generate_Count_Sheet()
|
||||
Call Generate_Inventory_Count_Sheet
|
||||
End Sub
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 贡献指南
|
||||
|
||||
欢迎贡献你的物控经验和工具！
|
||||
|
||||
### 如何贡献
|
||||
1. Fork 本仓库
|
||||
2. 创建你的分支 (`git checkout -b feature/your-feature`)
|
||||
3. 提交你的更改 (`git commit -m 'Add some feature'`)
|
||||
4. 推送到分支 (`git push origin feature/your-feature`)
|
||||
5. 创建 Pull Request
|
||||
|
||||
### 贡献内容
|
||||
- ✅ Excel VBA 工具脚本
|
||||
- ✅ Python 自动化工具
|
||||
- ✅ 物控案例分析
|
||||
- ✅ 最佳实践文档
|
||||
- ✅ 数据分析模板
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 许可证
|
||||
|
||||
本项目采用 MIT 许可证 - 详见 [LICENSE](LICENSE) 文件
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 联系方式
|
||||
|
||||
如有问题或建议，请通过以下方式联系：
|
||||
- GitHub Issues: [提交 Issue](https://github.com/1803560007/物控学习笔记/issues)
|
||||
- 邮箱: 1803560007@github.com
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 更新日志
|
||||
|
||||
### v1.0.0 (2026-02-03)
|
||||
- ✅ 创建物控学习笔记仓库
|
||||
- ✅ 添加基础知识文档
|
||||
- ✅ 添加 Excel VBA 工具库
|
||||
- ✅ 添加 Python 自动化脚本
|
||||
- ✅ 添加案例研究
|
||||
- ✅ 添加资源推荐
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
**最后更新**: 2026-02-03
|
||||
**维护者**: 1803560007
|
||||
**版本**: v1.0.0
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user